Silviculture

Opterećenje: 30(P) + 0(L) + 30(A) + 0(PK) + 0(S) + 0(TJ) + 0(SJ) + 24(T)

Sadržaj predmeta: Lectures (30 hours) 1. Forest cultivation and naturalness of forests: Concept of natural forest. Criteria for defining a natural forest. Forests according to the degree of naturalness. The influence of forest cultivation on the establishment and preservation of natural forests. 2. Rainforest dynamics and application in forestry: The concept of silvidynamics. Pioneer forest. Transitional forest. The final forest. Definition and importance of rainforest for forestry. Distribution of rainforests in the world, Europe and Croatia. An approach to rainforest research. Development stages of the rainforest. Silvidynamics and texture of the rainforest. Biological diversity of the rainforest. The stability of the rainforest. Application in forestry. 3. Growth control, formation and maintenance of the stand structure: Formation of the stand shape and the shape of the assembly. The importance of the basement floor. Historical development of forest thinning methods. Overview of forest management methods. Comparison and assessment of forest thinning methods. 4. Impact and rationalization of forest care: Impact of cleaning care on tree and stand morphology, species, proportion and form of mixture. The influence of thinning care on the stand structure, volume production and value of wood stock. The influence of forest care on ecological conditions in the stand. New approaches to forest care. Rationalization of forest care by cleaning and thinning. 5. Features and conditions of natural forest rejuvenation: Features of generative rejuvenation. Features of vegetative rejuvenation. Ecology of forest rejuvenation: physiological, climatic, climatic edaphic, edaphic, orographic and biotic prerequisites of rejuvenation. 6. Artificial rejuvenation according to natural principles: Concept. Types, quality and selection of forest reproductive material for artificial rejuvenation. Methods of artificial rejuvenation. The number of plants and the amount of seeds for artificial rejuvenation in different stand and habitat conditions. Assessment of artificial rejuvenation methods. Auxiliary procedures: Pre-planting. Underplanting. Refinement. Fatherhood. Choice of forest rejuvenation with considering the method and type of reproduction material. 7. Rejuvenation of forests by fertilizing felling on small areas: Concept of small spring area. General and special spring period. Spring core. Comparison of spring kernels in managed forests and in rainforests. Fertilizing cuts on small areas in the form of circles. Fertilizing cuts on small areas in the form of stripes. Application in practice. Comparison with classic rejuvenation methods. Creation of a multi-seasonal stand. 8. Combined methods of rejuvenation: Additive methods, Bavarian group-gradual felling, Bavarian combined felling, Swiss method of group-gradual management. Substitution methods, Wagner cut, Eberhard wedge cut, Phillip-Kurtz cut. Overview of other combined methods. Some special methods of forest cultivation: Management with reserves. Two-level management. Forest and field management. Free forestry technique. Mosaic forests. 9. Translation of forests: Concept, goals and methods of translation. Translation of stand forms. Translation of breeding forms. Translating the structure of the stands of high breeding form. Translation of forest degradation forms. 10. Forestry and nature protection: Development of the principle of sustainability in the context of the relationship between man and the forest. Multipurpose forestry. Forestry and special conditions of nature protection. Adaptation of forestry to changes in the environment. Forestry procedures after forest damage. 11. Silvicultural analysis and silvicultural planning: Principles of silvicultural analysis. Concept, content and creation of silvicultural plan. Principles of silvicultural planning in different stand structural and ecological conditions. 12. Cultivation of forests in the lowland vegetation belt: Willow and poplar forests. Black alder forests. Polish ash forests. Larch oak and field ash forests. Oak and hornbeam forests. Cultivation procedures in conditions of dying trees and stands of lowland forests. 13. Cultivation of forests in the hilly vegetation belt: Oak forests. Oak and hornbeam forests. Chestnut forests. Common birch forests. Cultivation procedures in the degradation stages of the forests of the hilly vegetation belt. Growing forests of the mountain vegetation belt: Common beech forests. Linden and yew forests. Cultivation procedures in the degradation stages of mountain forests. 14. Cultivation of forests in the mountain vegetation belt: fir and beech forests. Forests of mountain maple and common ash. Fir-spruce forests. Continental black pine forests. Scots pine forests. Cultivation procedures in conditions of death of trees and stands of mountain forests. Cultivation of forests in the pre-mountain vegetation zone: Spruce forests. Pre-mountain beech forests. The upper limit of the forest and forest cultivation. Cultivation procedures in the conditions of death of trees and stands of the foothills. 15. Forestry of the Mediterranean-littoral and Mediterranean montane vegetation belt: Forestry features of Mediterranean forests. Silvidynamics of Mediterranean forests and importance in forest cultivation. Aleppo pine forests. Black pine forests. Holm oak forests. Medunca oak forests. Cultivation procedures in the degradation stages of Mediterranean forests. Other forests of the Mediterranean area. Exercises (30 hours): 1. Structure and texture of the rainforest stand 2. Comparison of rainforest and managed forest 3. Care of pure and mixed stands in younger developmental stages 4. Care of pure and mixed stands by thinning 5. Rejuvenation of the stand by fertilizing cuttings on small areas 6. Translation of stand and cultivation forms 7. Translating the structure of stands of high breeding form 8. Cultivation procedures after forest damage 9. Cultivation characteristics and procedures in the forests of the lowland vegetation belt 10. Cultivation characteristics and procedures in the forests of the hilly vegetation belt 11. Cultivation characteristics and procedures in the forests of the mountain vegetation belt 12. Cultivation characteristics and procedures in the forests of the mountain vegetation belt 13. Cultivation features and procedures in the forests of the pre-mountain vegetation belt 14. Cultivation features and procedures in the forests of the Mediterranean littoral vegetation belt 15. Cultivation features and procedures in the forests of the Mediterranean montane vegetation zone Field teaching (24 hours): 1. Forestry plan in conditions of dying trees and stands 2. Forestry planning in selective management 3. Silvicultural features on the selected vegetation profile